Influential theories in psychology, neuroscience, and economics assume that the exertion of
mental effort should feel aversive. Yet, this assumption is usually untested, and it is …

Experimental and theoretical studies have tried to gain insights into the involvement of the
Temporal Parietal Junction (TPJ) in a broad range of cognitive functions like memory …

Importance Computational psychiatry studies have investigated how reinforcement learning
may be different in individuals with mood and anxiety disorders compared with control …

Previous research has stressed the importance of uncertainty for controlling the speed of
learning, and how such control depends on the learner inferring the noise properties of the …

An increasing number of cognitive, neurobiological, and computational models have been
proposed in the last decade, seeking to explain how humans allocate physical or cognitive …

Despite continual debate for the past 30 years about the function of anterior cingulate cortex
(ACC), its key contribution to neurocognition remains unknown. However, recent …

Several lines of evidence have suggested for decades a role for norepinephrine (NE) in the
pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia. Recent experimental findings reveal …

An exploration-exploitation trade-off, the arbitration between sampling a lesser-known
against a known rich option, is thought to be solved using computationally demanding …

During natural behavior, animals actively gather information that is relevant for learning or
actions; however, the mechanisms of active sampling are rarely investigated. We tested …

Learning based on reward prediction error (RPE) was originally proposed in the context of
nondeclarative memory. We postulate that RPE may support declarative memory as well …