Research in ecology and wildlife biology remains crucial for increasing our knowledge and
improving species management and conservation in the midst of the current biodiversity …

Photographic capture–recapture is a valuable tool for obtaining demographic information on
wildlife populations due to its noninvasive nature and cost‐effectiveness. Recently, several …

Camera‐trapping is widespread in wildlife studies, especially for species with individually
unique markings to which capture–recapture analytical techniques can be applied. The …

For many species, population sizes are unknown despite their importance for conservation.
For population size estimation, capture-mark-recapture (CMR) studies are often used, which …

Identification of individual animals in the field goes back to the 1930s and early studies of
animal behaviour (Lorenz 1935, 1937). In the 1960s, it has been greatly popularised by the …

The use of individual phenotypic features as non-invasive marks through photo-identification
(photo-ID) has many advantages for individual-based field studies. However, since error …

Photographic identification (photo ID) is a well-established, non-invasive, and relatively cost-
effective technique to collect longitudinal data from species that can be individually …

The estimation of demographic parameters in wild populations is strengthened by individual
identification. For amphibians, various techniques are used to either temporarily or …

Amphibians are challenging to mark for recapture due to their small size and permeable,
sensitive, and often frequently shed skins. Photographic identification and pattern matching …

Effective animal intelligent monitoring is of great value in terms of ecological protection and
endangered specie conservation. At present, computer vision technologies have shed light …