T-regulatory cells (Tregs) represent a unique subpopulation of helper T-cells by maintaining
immune equilibrium using various mechanisms. The role of T-cell receptors (TCR) in …

Abstract Hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 (HIF‐1) plays an indispensable role in the hypoxic tumor
microenvironment. Hypoxia and HIF‐1 are involved in multiple aspects of tumor progression …

Innovative anticancer therapies based on the activation of the immune system offer promise
in the battle against cancers resistant to traditional treatments. Examples of such therapeutic …

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common primary liver cancer and
associated with a dismal prognosis due to the lack of an efficient systemic therapy. In …

ABSTRACT Introduction: Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β) is a master regulator of
numerous cellular functions including cellular immunity. In cancer, TGF-β can function as a …

Cancer is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Despite major
improvements in current therapeutic methods, ideal therapeutic strategies for improved …

Immunogenic cell death (ICD), which is triggered by exposure of tumor cells to a limited
range of anticancer drugs, radiotherapy, and photodynamic therapy, represents a recent …

The mechanisms of antigen processing and presentation play a crucial role in the
recognition and targeting of cancer cells by the immune system. Cancer cells can evade the …

CD8+ T cells play a crucial role in anti‐tumour immunity, but they often undergo exhaustion,
which affects the anti‐tumour activity of CD8+ T cells. The effect and mechanism of …

Recent literature has significantly advanced our knowledge and understanding of the
tumour immune microenvironment of cholangiocarcinoma. Detailed characterisation of the …