Cell cultures are very important for testing materials and drugs, and in the examination of
cell biology and special cell mechanisms. The most popular models of cell culture are two …

Neurodegenerative diseases are progressive degenerative conditions characterized by the
functional deterioration and ultimate loss of neurons. These incurable and debilitating …

The human brain is a complex, three‐dimensional structure. To better recapitulate brain
complexity, recent efforts have focused on the development of human‐specific midbrain …

Modeling Parkinson's disease (PD) using advanced experimental in vitro models is a
powerful tool to study disease mechanisms and to elucidate unexplored aspects of this …

The complexity of the human brain poses a substantial challenge for the development of
models of the CNS. Current animal models lack many essential human characteristics (in …

Organ-on-chip (OOC) systems recapitulate key biological processes and responses in vitro
exhibited by cells, tissues, and organs in vivo. Accordingly, these models of both health and …

Abstract Parkinson's disease (PD), known as one of the most universal neurodegenerative
diseases, is a serious threat to the health of the elderly. The current treatment has been …

Neurological disorders are the leading cause of disability and the second largest cause of
death worldwide. Despite significant research efforts, neurology remains one of the most …

ABSTRACT Background The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is only partially
understood despite the fact that environmental causes, risk factors, and specific gene …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) represents a key challenge in developing brain-penetrating
therapeutic molecules. BBB dysfunction is also associated with the onset and progression of …