Microbial rhodopsin (MRs) ion channels and pumps have become invaluable optogenetic
tools for neuroscience as well as biomedical applications. Recently, MR-optogenetics …

The review presents the history of the origin, development, and achievements of the
Rhodopsin Project organized by Yu. A. Ovchinnikov in 1973. The current state of some …

Rhodopsins are ubiquitous light-driven membrane proteins with diverse functions, including
ion transport. Widely distributed, they are also coded in the genomes of giant viruses …

Potassium-selective channelrhodopsins (KCRs) are light-gated K+ channels recently found
in the stramenopile protist Hyphochytrium catenoides. When expressed in neurons, KCRs …

Proteorhodopsins are widely distributed photoreceptors from marine bacteria. Their
discovery revealed a high degree of evolutionary adaptation to ambient light, resulting in …

Kalium channelrhodopsin 1 from Hyphochytrium catenoides (HcKCR1) is the first
discovered natural light-gated ion channel that shows higher selectivity to K+ than to Na+ …

Microbial rhodopsins are light-activated retinal-binding membrane proteins that perform a
variety of ion transport and photosensory functions. They display several cases of …

Channelrhodopsins (CRs) are used as key tools in optogenetics, and novel CRs, either
found from nature or engineered by mutation, have greatly contributed to the development of …

The diversity of the retinal-containing proteins (rhodopsins) in nature is extremely large.
Fundamental similarity of the structure and photochemical properties unites them into one …

Inward proton pumping is a relatively new function for microbial rhodopsins, retinal-binding
light-driven membrane proteins. So far, it has been demonstrated for two unrelated …