Evidence for a close bidirectional link between the brain and the gut has led to a paradigm
shift in neurology, especially in the case of Parkinson disease (PD), in which gastrointestinal …

Hosting millions of microorganisms, the digestive tract is the primary and most important part
of bacterial colonization. On one side, in cases of opportunistic invasion, the abundant …

Probiotics, like lactic acid bacteria, are non-pathogenic microbes that exert health benefits to
the host when administered in adequate quantity. Currently, research is being conducted on …

Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder in which gastrointestinal
symptoms may appear prior to motor symptoms. The gut microbiota of patients with …

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a critical role both peripherally and centrally in
vital functions such as cognition, reward, satiety, voluntary motor movements, pleasure, and …

Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by the
accumulation of misfolded alpha-synuclein protein (Lewy bodies) in dopaminergic neurons …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease
characterized by motor dysfunction. Growing evidence has demonstrated that gut dysbiosis …

The gut microbiome is increasingly implicated in modifying susceptibility to and progression
of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). In this review, we discuss roles for the microbiome in …

Objective Gut microbiome alterations in Parkinson disease (PD) have been reported
repeatedly, but their functional relevance remains unclear. Fecal metabolomics, which …

The human gastrointestinal tract is populated with a diverse microbial community. The vast
genetic and metabolic potential of the gut microbiome underpins its ubiquity in nearly every …