Systems medicine has a mechanism-based rather than a symptom-or organ-based
approach to disease and identifies therapeutic targets in a nonhypothesis-driven manner. In …

Redox-dependent processes influence most cellular functions, such as differentiation,
proliferation, and apoptosis. Mitochondria are at the center of these processes, as …

The heme oxygenases, which consist of constitutive and inducible isozymes (HO-1, HO-2),
catalyze the rate-limiting step in the metabolic conversion of heme to the bile pigments (ie …

Over the last decade, studies have unraveled many aspects of endogenous production and
physiological functions of carbon monoxide (CO). The majority of endogenous CO is …

Heme oxygenases are composed of two isozymes, Hmox1 and Hmox2, that catalyze the
degradation of heme to carbon monoxide (CO), ferrous iron, and biliverdin, the latter of …

Understanding the processes governing the ability of the heart to repair and regenerate after
injury is crucial for developing translational medical solutions. New avenues of exploration …

Environmental risk factors, including noise, air pollution, chemical agents, ultraviolet
radiation (UVR) and mental stress have a considerable impact on human health. Oxidative …

We review gases that can affect oxidative stress and that themselves may be radicals. We
discuss O2 toxicity, invoking superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and the hydroxyl radical. We …

Carbon monoxide (CO), a gaseous second messenger, arises in biological systems during
the oxidative catabolism of heme by the heme oxygenase (HO) enzymes. HO exists as …

Organisms on our planet have evolved in an oxidizing environment that is intrinsically
inimical to life, and cells have been forced to devise means of protecting themselves. One of …