BACKGROUND There is uncertainty over whether maternal smoking is associated with birth
defects. We conducted the first ever comprehensive systematic review to establish which …

Please cite this paper as: Patra J, Bakker R, Irving H, Jaddoe V, Malini S, Rehm J. Dose–
response relationship between alcohol consumption before and during pregnancy and the …

Background Smoking in pregnancy is known to be associated with a range of adverse
pregnancy outcomes, yet there is a high prevalence of smoking among pregnant women in …

Objective The aim of this study was to review systematically the available evidence on
studies in humans on the effects of low–moderate levels of prenatal alcohol consumption …

Previous studies suggest that the relationship between genes and nonsyndromic cleft
lip±cleft palate (CLP) or cleft palate only (CP) may be modified by the environment. Using …

Objective To investigate the relationship between prenatal alcohol exposure and fetal
growth and preterm birth and to estimate the effect of dose and timing of alcohol exposure in …

Aim: To analyse the association between maternal periodontitis and preterm birth (< 37
weeks' gestation) according to the causes of preterm birth. Materials and Methods: Epipap is …

Objective To assess the relationship between cigarette smoking during pregnancy and very
preterm births, according to the main mechanisms of preterm birth. Design Case–control …

Using data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, the authors investigated the
association between maternal reports of periconceptional alcohol consumption and clefting …

Although alcohol is a recognized teratogen, evidence is limited on alcohol intake and oral
cleft risk. The authors examined the association between maternal alcohol consumption and …