Astrocytes play important roles in numerous central nervous system disorders including
autoimmune inflammatory, hypoxic, and degenerative diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis …

Abstract Development of the retinal vasculature is based on highly coordinated signalling
between different cell types of the retina, integrating internal metabolic requirements with …

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) is a major regulator of blood vessel formation
and function. It controls several processes in endothelial cells, such as proliferation, survival …

Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and their receptors (PDGFRs) have served as
prototypes for growth factor and receptor tyrosine kinase function for more than 25 years …

Although astrogliosis and microglia activation are characteristic features of multiple sclerosis
(MS) and other central nervous system (CNS) lesions the exact functions of these events are …

The mouse retina has been used extensively over the past decades to study both
physiologic and pathologic angiogenesis. Over time, various mouse retina models have …

A precise communication between the nervous and the vascular systems is crucial for
proper formation and function of the central nervous system (CNS). Interestingly, this …

Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain and retina, are constantly engaged in the
surveillance of their surrounding neural tissue. During embryonic development they infiltrate …

Collectively, angiogenic ocular conditions represent the leading cause of irreversible vision
loss in developed countries. In the US, for example, retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic …

The molecular bases of brain development and CNS malignancies remain poorly
understood. Here we show that Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling controls the development …