Background Increasing evidence indicates that obesity is associated with tumor
development and progression. Leptin is an adipocyte-related hormone with a key role in …

The CCN family of proteins consisting of CCN1 (Cyr61), CCN2 (CTGF), CCN3 (NOV), CCN4
(WISP-1), CCN5 (WISP-2) and CCN6 (WISP-3) are considered matricellular proteins …

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common type of cancer in men in the United States, which
disproportionately affects African American descents. While metastasis is the most common …

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer.
TNBC patients typically exhibit unfavorable outcomes due to its rapid growth and metastatic …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal interstitial lung disease. IPF is
characterized by epithelial cell injury and reprogramming, increases in (myo) fibroblasts and …

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are M2-polarized macrophages that infiltrate the
tumor microenvironment and promote tumorigenesis. However, the mechanisms by which …

Background Treating triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a difficult landscape owing to
its short survival times and high risk of metastasis and recurrence among patients. Although …

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignancy of bone and is characterized by a
high malignant and metastatic potential. Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α) is …

Osteosarcoma is characterized by a high malignant and metastatic potential. Interleukin-6
(IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine that is associated with the disease status and outcomes of …

The CCN family of proteins is composed of six extracellular matrix‐associated proteins that
play crucial roles in skeletal development, wound healing, fibrosis, and cancer. Members of …