Contemporary studies have completely changed the view of brain immunity from envisioning
the brain as isolated and inaccessible to peripheral immune cells to an organ in close …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and degenerative disease of the central
nervous system afflicting nearly three million individuals worldwide. Neuroimmune …

The concept of immune privilege suggests that the central nervous system is isolated from
the immune system. However, recent studies have highlighted the borders of the central …

Decades of research have characterized diverse immune cells surveilling the CNS. More
recently, the discovery of osseous channels (so-called 'skull channels') connecting the …

Meningeal lymphatic vessels (MLVs) were identified in the dorsal and caudobasal regions of
the dura mater, where they ensure waste product elimination and immune surveillance of …

The arachnoid barrier delineates the border between the central nervous system and dura
mater. Although the arachnoid barrier creates a partition, communication between the …

The meninges, comprising the leptomeninges (pia and arachnoid layers) and the
pachymeninx (dura layer), participate in central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity, but …

Myeloid cells are a significant proportion of leukocytes within tissues, comprising
granulocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages. With the identification of various …

Meninges cover the surface of the brain and spinal cord and contribute to protection and
immune surveillance of the central nervous system (CNS). How the meningeal layers …

Arachnoid granulations (AG) are poorly investigated. Historical reports suggest that they
regulate brain volume by passively transporting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into dural venous …