Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains cause severe respiratory and systemic
diseases, threatening food security and avian welfare worldwide. Intensification of poultry …

Abstract Analysis of the genomes of two distantly related bird species, chicken and zebra
finch (divergence of about 100 million years), indicate that there are ten avian toll-like …

Salmonella infections in poultry flocks can cause acute and chronic clinical diseases but
have received greater international attention because of their role in foodborne outbreaks of …

Similar to mammalian species, chickens show marked immunological responses to CpG
oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) both in vivo and in vitro. In mammals, the receptor for ODNs …

Heterophils play an indispensable role in the immune defense of the avian host. To
accomplish this defense, heterophils use sophisticated mechanisms to both detect and …

TLRs comprise a family of evolutionary conserved sensory receptors that respond to distinct
classes of ligands. For one major evolutionary branch of TLRs, the ligands are still largely …

The mucosal immune system is a compartmentalized part of the immune system that
provides local immunity in the mucosa of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and digestive …

Salmonella infection of the chicken is important both as a source of foodborne human
salmonellosis and as a source of disease in the chicken itself. Vaccination and other control …

Bacterial infections remain important to the poultry industry both in terms of animal and
public health, the latter due to the importance of poultry as a source of foodborne bacterial …

Avian influenza viruses (AIV) pose a threat towards the health of both poultry and humans.
To interrupt the transmission of the virus, novel prophylactic strategies must be considered …