Tripartite efflux pumps and the related type 1 secretion systems (T1SSs) in Gram-negative
organisms are diverse in function, energization, and structural organization. They form …

Infectious diseases remain one of the principal causes of morbidity and mortality in the
world. Relevant authorities including the WHO and CDC have expressed serious concern …

Antibiotic resistance continues to plague antimicrobial chemotherapy of infectious disease.
And while true biocide resistance is as yet unrealized, in vitro and in vivo episodes of …

Tripartite multidrug efflux systems of Gram-negative bacteria are composed of an inner
membrane transporter, an outer membrane channel and a periplasmic adaptor protein. They …

Since the first introduction of the sulfa drugs and penicillin into clinical use, large numbers of
antibiotics have been developed and hence contributed to human health. But extensive use …

The 3D structure of the bacterial peptidoglycan, the major constituent of the cell wall, is one
of the most important, yet still unsolved, structural problems in biochemistry. The …

Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria are a global threat with many common infections
becoming increasingly difficult to eliminate. While significant effort has gone into the …

Resistance nodulation division efflux systems have a major role in both intrinsic and
acquired multi-drug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. The recent structure of an …

Bacteria like Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa expel drugs via tripartite
multidrug efflux pumps spanning both inner and outer membranes and the intervening …

Resistant bacterial infections are a major health problem in many parts of the world. The
major commercial antibiotic classes often fail to combat common bacteria. Although …