The 90-kDa molecular chaperone family (which comprises, among other proteins, the 90-
kDa heat-shock protein, hsp90 and the 94-kDa glucose-regulated protein, grp94, major …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) cause flaccid paralysis by interfering with vesicle fusion and
neurotransmitter release in the neuronal cells. BoNTs are the most widely used therapeutic …

Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum is a
potent inhibitor of acetylcholine release in the neuromuscular junction and has been used to …

The botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) cause the paralytic human disease botulism and are
one of the highest-risk threat agents for bioterrorism. To generate a pharmaceutical to …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) cause botulism by entering neurons and cleaving proteins
that mediate neurotransmitter release; disruption of exocytosis results in paralysis and …

In the last fifty years, Clostridium botulinum has become notorious for its ability to produce
the deadly botulinum neurotoxins. While botulinum toxin A, better known as Botox™, is …

Sporeforming bacteria are a significant concern for the international dairy industry. Spores
present in milk survive heat treatments and can persist during downstream processing. If …

To determine the long‐term efficacy of botulinum toxin (BTX) treatments, we analyzed
longitudinal follow‐up data on 45 patients (32 women; mean age, 68.8 years) currently …

Botulinum toxins are the causative agents of the severe food-borne illness botulism. With
lethal doses approximating 10− 9 g/kg body weight, these neurotoxins represent some of the …

Cosmetic use of BTX has skyrocketed in recent years, especially since the approval of BTX-
A for treatment of glabellar lines. Complications and adverse reactions can easily arise …