This review reports on the processes associated with costs of reproduction, including some
theoretical considerations, definitions and methodological aspects, followed by a list of the …

There is increasing evidence that human disturbance can negatively impact plant–pollinator
interactions such as outcross pollination. We present a meta-analysis of 22 studies involving …

Biological responses to climate change have been widely documented across taxa and
regions, but it remains unclear whether species are maintaining a good match between …

Determining whether seed production is pollen limited has been an area of intensive
empirical study over the last two decades. Yet current evidence does not allow satisfactory …

The study of phenological aspects of plants involves the observation, recording and
interpretation of the timing of their life history events. This review considers the phenology of …

Plants interact with many visitors who consume a variety of plant tissues. While the
consequences of herbivory to leaves and shoots are well known, the implications of florivory …

Floral nectar production is central to plant pollination, and hence to human wellbeing. As
floral nectar is essentially a solution in water of various sugars, it is likely a valuable plant …

Background and Aims In the dry tropics, vegetative phenology varies widely with tree
characteristics and soil conditions. The present work aims to document the phenological …

Understanding how floral traits affect reproduction is key for understanding genetic diversity,
speciation, and trait evolution in the face of global changes and pollinator decline. However …

Ethylene plays an important role in the regulation of senescence in ethylene sensitive
flowers with little or no role in case of ethylene insensitive flowers. Different growth …