Functional regulation and structural maintenance of the different organelles in plants
contribute directly to plant development, reproduction and stress responses. To ensure …

In this glossary of plant cell structures, we asked experts to summarize a present-day view of
plant organelles and structures, including a discussion of outstanding questions. In the …

The target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase is an evolutionarily conserved hub of nutrient sensing
and metabolic signaling. In plants, a functional connection of TOR activation with glucose …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) forms highly organized network structures composed of
tubules and cisternae. Many plant species develop additional ER-derived structures, most of …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a ubiquitous organelle that is vital to the life of eukaryotic
cells. It synthesizes essential lipids and proteins and initiates the glycosylation of …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of interconnected tubules and sheets
stretching throughout the cytoplasm of plant cells. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) …

The plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contacts heterotypic membranes at membrane
contact sites (MCSs) through largely undefined mechanisms. For instance, despite the well …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) forms a network of tubules and sheets that requires
homotypic membrane fusion to be maintained. In metazoans, this process is mediated by …

Dynamic targeting of the ULK1 complex to the ER is crucial for initiating autophagosome
formation and for subsequent formation of ER–isolation membrane (IM; autophagosomal …

In all eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) forms a tubular network whose
generation requires the fusion of ER membranes. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the …