This paper presents the Adaptive Calibration Model (ACM), an evolutionary–developmental
theory of individual differences in the functioning of the stress response system. The stress …

Abstract Development is a dynamic process that involves interplay between genes and the
environment. In mammals, the quality of the postnatal environment is shaped by parent …

Two extant frameworks–the harshness-unpredictability model and the threat-deprivation
model–attempt to explain which dimensions of adversity have distinct influences on …

Potential long-lasting adverse effects of child maltreatment have been widely reported,
although little is known about the distinctive long-term impact of differing types of …

Two extant evolutionary models, biological sensitivity to context theory (BSCT) and
differential susceptibility theory (DST), converge on the hypothesis that some individuals are …

Prenatal exposure to maternal stress, anxiety, and depression can have lasting effects on
infant development with risk of psychopathology. Although the impact of prenatal maternal …

Variation in maternal care can lead to divergent developmental trajectories in offspring with
implications for neuroendocrine function and behavioral phenotypes. Study of the long-term …

How do exposures to stress affect biobehavioral development and, through it, psychiatric
and biomedical disorder? In the health sciences, the allostatic load model provides a widely …

Epigenetic changes in the nervous system are emerging as a critical component of enduring
effects induced by early life experience, hormonal exposure, trauma and injury, or learning …

An evolutionary-biological perspective on the effects of the extrafamilial and familial
environment on multiple psychological, behavioral, and even somatic features of children's …