Fetal development is a critical period for shaping the lifelong health of an individual.
However, the fetus is susceptible to internal and external stimuli that can lead to adverse …

Many lines of evidence, including epidemiologic data and extensive clinical and
experimental studies, indicate that early life events play a powerful role in influencing later …

Endocrine tumors such as aldosterone-producing adrenal adenomas (APAs), a cause of
severe hypertension, feature constitutive hormone production and unrestrained cell …

The “fetal” or “early” origins of adult disease hypothesis was originally put forward by David
Barker and colleagues and stated that environmental factors, particularly nutrition, act in …

Biomedical science has little considered the relevance of life history theory and evolutionary
and ecological developmental biology to clinical medicine. However, the observations that …

Many studies have provided evidence for the hypothesis that size at birth is related to the
risk of developing disease in later life. In particular, links are well established between …

The concept of a Tetal origins of adult disease'(FOAD) or'fetal programming'was developed
by Barker and colleagues to describe the relationship between birth size and subsequent …

The present review provides evidence for the relationship between chronic stress,
alterations in HPA activity, and obesity. Understanding these associations and its …

Epidemiological findings and experimental studies in animals have shown that individual
tissues and whole organ systems can be programmed in utero during critical periods of …

15 intolerance25 and obesity in adult life. 26, 27 Thus there is a small but growing set of
data providing direct evidence in human populations that maternal nutrition in pregnancy …