As the most common symptomatic reason to seek medical consultation, pain is a complex
experience that has been classified into different categories and stages. In pain processing …

Chronic pain is a major public health issue with an incidence of 20–25% worldwide that can
take different forms like neuropathic, cancer-related or inflammatory pain. Chronic pain often …

Nociception is the neuronal process of encoding noxious stimuli and could be modulated at
peripheral, spinal, brainstem, and cortical levels. At cortical levels, several areas including …

Background Pain is the most prominent non-motor symptom observed in patients with
Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the mechanisms underlying the generation of pain in …

Peripheral nerve and spinal cord injuries, along with other painful syndromes such as
fibromyalgia, diabetic neuropathy, chemotherapeutic neuropathy, trigeminal neuralgia …

Neuropathic pain is caused by a primary lesion, dysfunction, or transitory perturbation in the
peripheral or central nervous system. In this study, we investigated the hesperidin …

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a critical brain center for chronic pain processing.
Dopamine signaling in the brain has been demonstrated to contribute to descending pain …

The dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) remains the principal target of antipsychotic drugs used
for the management of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. This receptor is highly …

The release of dopamine (DA) into target brain areas is considered an essential event for
the modulation of many physiological effects. While the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has …

Several lines of evidence have shown that stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) can
induce antinociception. It has been indicated that hypothalamic orexinergic neurons send …