Abstract Calcium ions (Ca2+) are some of the most versatile signalling molecules, and they
have many physiological functions, prominently including muscle contraction, neuronal …

Stroke and late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) are risk factors for each other; the
comorbidity of these brain disorders in aging individuals represents a significant challenge …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which occupies a large portion of the cytoplasm, is the
cell's main site for the biosynthesis of lipids and carbohydrate conjugates, and it is essential …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to multiple short-and long-term changes in neuronal
circuits that ultimately conclude with an imbalance of cortical excitation and inhibition …

Microglia were first identified over a century ago, but our knowledge about their ontogeny
and functions has significantly expanded only recently. Microglia colonize the central …

NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-induced excitotoxicity is thought to contribute to the cell death
associated with certain neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, epilepsy, and traumatic brain …

There is a long-standing paradox that NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptors (NMDARs)
can both promote neuronal health and kill neurons. Recent studies show that NMDAR …

N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are located in neuronal cell membranes at
synaptic and extrasynaptic locations, where they are believed to mediate distinct …

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are a central component in signaling networks in a
multitude of mammalian cell types. This review covers recent advances on specific functions …

Calcium (Ca 2+) is considered one of the most-important biological cations, because it is
implicated in cell physiopathology and cell fate through a finely tuned signaling system. In …