Brain perturbation studies allow detailed causal inferences of behavioral and neural
processes. Because the combination of brain perturbation methods and neural …

Highlights•Touch deprivation alters the amygdala and causes abnormal emotional
reactivity.•In response to affective touch the amygdala initiates unique brain-body …

Background Modulation of brain circuits by electrical stimulation has led to exciting and
powerful therapies for diseases such as Parkinson's. Because human brain organization is …

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with optogenetic neural manipulation is a
powerful tool that enables brain-wide mapping of effective functional networks. To achieve …

Core regions of the salience network (SN), including the anterior insula (aINS) and dorsal
anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), coordinate rapid adaptive changes in attentional and …

Emotional arousal is a complex state recruiting distributed cortical and subcortical structures,
in which the amygdala and insula play an important role. Although previous neuroimaging …

The pulvinar in the macaque monkey contains three divisions: the medial pulvinar (PM), the
lateral pulvinar (PL), and the inferior pulvinar (PI). Anatomical studies have shown that …

Targeted optical neural stimulation comprises infrared neural stimulation and optogenetics,
which affect the nervous system through induced thermal transients and activation of light …

Cutting edge advances in electrical visual cortical prosthetics have evoked perception of
shapes, motion, and letters in the blind. Here, we present an alternative optical approach …

Abstract Infrared (IR) neuromodulation (INM) is an emerging light-based neuromodulation
approach that can reversibly control neuronal and muscular activities through the transient …