Tumors are comprised of both cancer cells and surrounding stromal components. As an
essential part of the tumor microenvironment, the tumor stroma is highly dynamic …

Tumor microenvironment (TME) is a specialized ecosystem of host components, designed
by tumor cells for successful development and metastasis of tumor. With the advent of 3D …

Background Cancer is the most prevalent cause of death globally, and radiotherapy is
considered the standard of care for most solid tumors, including lung, breast, esophageal …

Hypoxia is an important feature of the tumor microenvironment, and is closely associated
with cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metabolism and the tumor immune response. All these …

Cancer is a multifactorial disease that is responsible for 10 million deaths per year. The intra-
and inter-heterogeneity of malignant tumors make it difficult to develop single targeted …

CC chemokines, a subfamily of 27 chemotactic cytokines, are a component of intercellular
communication, which is crucial for the functioning of the tumor microenvironment. Although …

Cancer is now considered a tumor microenvironment (TME) disease, although it was
originally thought to be a cell and gene expression disorder. Over the past 20 years …

Macrophages are present in most human tissues and have very diverse functions. Activated
macrophages are usually divided into two phenotypes, M1 macrophages and M2 …

Background: in current clinical practice, the standard evaluation for axillary lymph node
(ALN) status in breast cancer has a low efficiency and is based on an invasive procedure …

Simple Summary Tumors are not masses of cancer cells alone but made up of cancer cells,
other cells including fibroblasts, macrophages, endothelial cells, as well as secreted factors …