Cancer stem cells (CSCs), which have the potential for self-renewal, differentiation and de-
differentiation, undergo epigenetic, epithelial-mesenchymal, immunological and metabolic …

Wnt signaling pathway is one of the most important signaling pathways. The complexity of
Wnt signals and their functional role is crucial in development and growth. It is the most …

Wnts are highly-conserved lipid-modified secreted proteins that activate multiple signaling
pathways. These pathways regulate crucial processes during various stages of development …

Highlights•PCP complexes are robust to changes in protein levels.•Complexes may exist in
a signalosome-like assembly at cell junctions.•Wnt ligands play a conserved instructive …

Our understanding of the cellular mechanisms governing carcinoma invasiveness and
metastasis has evolved dramatically over the last several years. The previous emphasis on …

Vertebrates exhibit striking left–right (L–R) asymmetries in the structure and position of the
internal organs. Symmetry is broken by motile cilia-generated asymmetric fluid flow …

Axonemal dynein ATPases direct ciliary and flagellar beating via adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) hydrolysis. The modulatory effect of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and adenosine …

Scoliosis is a common spinal deformity that considerably affects the physical and
psychological health of patients. Studies have shown that genetic factors play an important …

WNT5B, a member of the WNT family of proteins that is closely related to WNT5A, is required
for cell migration, cell proliferation, or cell differentiation in many cell types. WNT5B signals …

Planar cell polarity (PCP) organizes the orientation of cellular protrusions and migratory
activity within the tissue plane. PCP establishment involves the subcellular polarization of …