Dopamine regulates reward-related behavior through the mesolimbic dopaminergic
pathway. Stress affects dopamine levels and dopaminergic neuronal activity in the …

The crisis of antibiotic resistance necessitates creative and innovative approaches, from
chemical identification and analysis to the assessment of bioactivity. Plant natural products …

Early severe stress and maltreatment produces a cascade of neurobiological events that
have the potential to cause enduring changes in brain development. These changes occur …

Progress has been made over the last 10 years in determining the neural mechanisms of
sensitization induced by amphetamine-like psychostimulants, opioids and stressors …

Aversive events rapidly and potently excite certain dopamine neurons in the ventral
tegmental area (VTA), promoting phasic increases in the medial prefrontal cortex and …

Microdialysis was used to assess extracellular dopamine in striatum, nucleus accumbens,
and medial frontal cortex of unanesthetized rats both under resting conditions and in …

Neither youth nor innocence provides protection from the ravages of fate. Exposure to
traumatic stress can occur at any point along the developmental continuum. Considerable …

Hundreds of publications and dozens of reviews and conferences have been devoted to
dopamine and dopaminergic neurons over the last three decades. From molecular …

Numerous animal models of depression have been advanced, each having multiple
attributes and some limitations. This review provides caveats concerning etiologically valid …

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an illness of considerable prevalence, often
characterized by high morbidity, treatment resistance, and a chronic course. The core …