Sex differences in severity and mortality from COVID-19: are males more vulnerable?

A Pradhan, PE Olsson - Biology of sex Differences, 2020 - Springer
Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has shown high infection and mortality rates
all over the world, and despite the global efforts, there is so far no specific therapy available …

[HTML][HTML] Androgen-induced immunosuppression

MR Gubbels Bupp, TN Jorgensen - Frontiers in immunology, 2018 - frontiersin.org
In addition to determining biological sex, sex hormones are known to influence health and
disease via regulation of immune cell activities and modulation of target-organ susceptibility …

TFOS DEWS II sex, gender, and hormones report

DA Sullivan, EM Rocha, P Aragona, JA Clayton, J Ding… - The ocular …, 2017 - Elsevier
One of the most compelling features of dry eye disease (DED) is that it occurs more
frequently in women than men. In fact, the female sex is a significant risk factor for the …

[HTML][HTML] Gender differences in autoimmune disease

ST Ngo, FJ Steyn, PA McCombe - Frontiers in neuroendocrinology, 2014 - Elsevier
Autoimmune diseases are a range of diseases in which the immune response to self-
antigens results in damage or dysfunction of tissues. Autoimmune diseases can be systemic …

Systems analysis of sex differences reveals an immunosuppressive role for testosterone in the response to influenza vaccination

D Furman, BP Hejblum, N Simon… - Proceedings of the …, 2014 - National Acad Sciences
Females have generally more robust immune responses than males for reasons that are not
well-understood. Here we used a systems analysis to investigate these differences by …

Estrogen and COVID-19 symptoms: associations in women from the COVID Symptom Study

R Costeira, KA Lee, B Murray, C Christiansen… - PLoS …, 2021 - journals.plos.org
It has been widely observed that adult men of all ages are at higher risk of developing
serious complications from COVID-19 when compared with women. This study aimed to …

Glucocorticoids, sex hormones, and immunity

O Bereshchenko, S Bruscoli, C Riccardi - Frontiers in immunology, 2018 - frontiersin.org
Glucocorticoid hormones regulate essential body functions in mammals, control cell
metabolism, growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Importantly, they are potent suppressors …

Sex differences in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders: focus on microglial function and neuroinflammation during development

R Hanamsagar, SD Bilbo - The Journal of steroid biochemistry and …, 2016 - Elsevier
Several neurological conditions are associated with sex differences in prevalence or
outcome. For example, autism predominantly affects boys, depression is more common in …

Gender differences in cancer susceptibility: an inadequately addressed issue

MT Dorak, E Karpuzoglu - Frontiers in genetics, 2012 - frontiersin.org
The gender difference in cancer susceptibility is one of the most consistent findings in
cancer epidemiology. Hematologic malignancies are generally more common in males and …

The Xs and Y of immune responses to viral vaccines

SL Klein, A Jedlicka, A Pekosz - The Lancet infectious diseases, 2010 - thelancet.com
The biological differences associated with the sex of an individual are a major source of
variation, affecting immune responses to vaccination. Compelling clinical data illustrate that …