Introduction: Cognitive enhancers (CEs), also known as “smart drugs”,“study aids” or
“nootropics” are a cause of concern. Recent research studies investigated the use of CEs …

Fatigue poses an important safety risk to civil and military aviation. In addition to decreasing
performance in-flight (chronic) fatigue has negative long-term health effects. Possible …

Background In recent years there has been growing media attention on microdosing
psychedelics (eg, LSD, psilocybin). This refers to people routinely taking small doses of …

Abstract The US Department of Defense, including the Army, Air Force, Navy, and Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has engaged in cognitive enhancement …

Any type of behavioral change is an effortful process. Thus, the process of behavioral
therapy, where clients seek to change maladaptive behavioral patterns, requires high‐level …

Natural rewards, such as food, and sex are appetitive stimuli available for animals in their
natural environment. Similarly, addictive rewards such as drugs of abuse possess strong …

Stimulants and caffeine have been proposed for cognitive enhancement by healthy subjects.
This study investigated whether performance in chess–a competitive mind game requiring …

Methamphetamine (METH) and modafinil are psychostimulants with different long-term
cognitive profiles: METH is addictive and leads to cognitive decline, whereas modafinil has …

Background ADHD is frequently comorbid with anxiety and mood disorders, which may
increase the severity of inattention and hyperactivity symptoms. Emotional symptoms …

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed mental
disorder of children and adolescents. Although psychostimulants are currently the first-line …