Sleep spindles are burstlike signals in the electroencephalogram (EEG) of the sleeping
mammalian brain and electrical surface correlates of neuronal oscillations in thalamus. As …

The use of animals as models of human physiology is, and has been for many years, an
indispensable tool for understanding the mechanisms of human disease. In Parkinson's …

Importance There is increasing evidence that Parkinson disease (PD) is heterogeneous in
its clinical presentation and prognosis. Defining subtypes of PD is needed to better …

Sleep spindles are transient oscillatory waveforms that occur during non-rapid eye
movement (NREM) sleep across widespread cortical areas. In humans, spindles can be …

Although schizophrenia (SZ) is defined by waking phenomena, abnormal sleep is a
common feature. In particular, there is accumulating evidence of a sleep spindle deficit …

Polysomnographic studies have been conducted to explore sleep changes in Parkinson's
disease (PD), but the relationships between sleep disturbances and PD are imperfectly …

Since the advent of EEG recordings, sleep spindles have been identified as hallmarks of
non‐REM sleep. Despite a broad general understanding of mechanisms of spindle …

Parkinson's disease which is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder in the
United States is a serious and complex disease that may progress to mild cognitive …

There is overwhelming evidence that sleep is crucial for memory consolidation. Patients with
schizophrenia and their unaffected relatives have a specific deficit in sleep spindles, a …

Several studies have identified two types of sleep spindles: fast (13–15 Hz) centroparietal
and slow (11–13 Hz) frontal spindles. Alterations in spindle activity have been observed in …