The purpose of this review is to discuss ways to think about and study sex differences in
preclinical animal models. We use the framework of addiction, in which animal models have …

Substance use and abuse begin during adolescence. Male and female adolescent humans
initiate use at comparable rates, but males increase use faster. In adulthood, more men than …

Background: Despite considerable advances in pharmacotherapy, more effective
therapeutic interventions for aging-related neurodegenerative disorders (NDs), such as …

The study of sex as a biological variable is a necessary emphasis across a wide array of
endpoints, including basic neuroscience, medicine, mental health, physiology and behavior …

Alcohol drinking during adolescence can induce long-lasting effects on the motivation to
consume alcohol. Abnormal plasticity in reward-related processes might contribute to the …

Background Ethanol (E t OH) abuse is a major health and economic concern, particularly for
females who appear to be more sensitive to the rewarding effects of E t OH. This study …

Accumulated research supports the idea that exercise could be an option of potential
prevention and treatment for drug addiction. During the past few years, there has been …

Childhood adversity is associated with an increased risk of mood, anxiety and substance
use disorders. Maternal separation is a reliable rodent model of early life adversity that leads …

Animal models are essential for understanding the biological factors that contribute to drug
and alcohol addiction and discovering new pharmacotherapies to treat these disorders …

Novelty-seeking in rodents, defined as enhanced specific exploration of novel situations, is
considered to predict the response of animals to drugs of abuse and, thus, identify “drug …