Alterations in cardiac energy metabolism contribute to the severity of heart failure. However,
the energy metabolic changes that occur in heart failure are complex and are dependent not …

The ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat, adequate-protein, and very-low-carbohydrate diet
regimen that mimics the metabolism of the fasting state to induce the production of ketone …

During starvation, fasting, or a diet containing little digestible carbohydrates, the circulating
insulin levels are decreased. This promotes lipolysis, and the breakdown of fat becomes the …

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), PPARδ and PPARγ are transcription
factors that regulate gene expression following ligand activation. PPARα increases cellular …

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) affects half of all patients with heart
failure worldwide, is increasing in prevalence, confers substantial morbidity and mortality …

The prevalence of heart failure is on the rise and imposes a major health threat, in part, due
to the rapidly increased prevalence of overweight and obesity. To this point …

Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors block glucose reabsorption in the renal
proximal tubule, an insulin-independent mechanism that plays a critical role in glycemic …

Recent clinical trials have shown that sodium glucose co-transport 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have
dramatic beneficial cardiovascular outcomes. These include a reduced incidence of …

Rationale: Over 50% of patients with heart failure have preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF),
rather than reduced ejection fraction. Complexity of its pathophysiology and the lack of …

Ketone bodies play significant roles in organismal energy homeostasis, serving as oxidative
fuels, modulators of redox potential, lipogenic precursors, and signals, primarily during …