Introduction Despite numerous investigations into the impact of drugs/probiotics on the gut
microbiota composition in Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) patients, the question as to …

Background For decades, metformin has been the drug of first choice in the management of
type 2 diabetes. However, approximately 2–13% of patients do not tolerate metformin due to …

Background and aims In rodents, placebo analgesia is often investigated through direct
conditioning of stimuli, but humans can experience placebo analgesia through expectation …

This chapter explores the intricacies of non-pharmacological pain treatments, encompassing
a broad spectrum from physical to psychological approaches. Within these pages, we …

Background Clinical trials of antidepressants show improvements in placebo groups of up to
80% compared to the real treatment arm. The mechanism underlying this clinically important …

This study examined placebo and nocebo effects, characterized by classical conditioning,
operant conditioning, and expectancy effects. The placebo–placebo and nocebo–nocebo …

F or Macbeth, it was the ghost of his friend Banquo, sitting in a chair at the dinner table. In
Edgar Allan Poe's The Tell-Tale Heart, it was a disembodied thump-thump beneath the …