Evolvability is the ability of a biological system to produce phenotypic variation that is both
heritable and adaptive. It has long been the subject of anecdotal observations and …

The genotype–fitness map (that is, the fitness landscape) is a key determinant of evolution,
yet it has mostly been used as a superficial metaphor because we know little about its …

Quantitatively linking the composition and function of microbial communities is a major
aspiration of microbial ecology. Microbial community functions emerge from a complex web …

By formalizing the relationship between genotype or phenotype and fitness, fitness
landscapes harbor information on molecular and evolutionary constraints. The shape of the …

Understanding the pattern of epistasis—the non-independence of mutations—is critical for
relating genotype and phenotype. However, the combinatorial complexity of potential …

The concept of a fitness landscape is a powerful metaphor that offers insight into various
aspects of evolutionary processes and guidance for the study of evolution. Until recently …

The fitness landscape captures the relationship between genotype and evolutionary fitness
and is a pervasive metaphor used to describe the possible evolutionary trajectories of …

Abstract Adaptive Laboratory Evolution (ALE) is a powerful tool for engineering and
understanding microbial physiology. ALE relies on the selection and enrichment of …

For virus infections of multicellular hosts, narrow genetic bottlenecks during transmission
and within-host spread appear to be widespread. These bottlenecks will affect the …

Predicting evolutionary paths to antibiotic resistance is key for understanding and controlling
drug resistance. When considering a single final resistant genotype, epistatic contingencies …