Alcohol is one of the most widely consumed psychoactive drugs globally. Hazardous
drinking, defined by quantity and frequency of consumption, is associated with acute and …

Addiction is commonly identified with habitual nonmedical self-administration of drugs. It is
usually defined by characteristics of intoxication or by characteristics of withdrawal …

Ketamine, a racemic mixture of (S)-ketamine and (R)-ketamine enantiomers, has been used
as an anesthetic, analgesic and more recently, as an antidepressant. However, ketamine …

For several decades, addiction has come to be viewed as a disorder of the dopamine
neurotransmitter system; however, this view has not led to new treatments. In this Opinion …

What is the defining property of addiction? We dust off a several-decades-long debate about
the relative importance of two forms of reinforcement—positive reinforcement, subjectively …

This paper presents a biopsychological theory of drug addiction, the 'Incentive-Sensitization
Theory'. The theory addresses three fundamental questions. The first is: why do addicts …

Losing Control: How And Why People Fail At Self-regulation Simple Exchange of Literature Roy
F Baumeister Todd F Heatherton Dian Page 1 Losing Control: How And Why People Fail At …

What roles do mesolimbic and neostriatal dopamine systems play in reward? Do they
mediate the hedonic impact of rewarding stimuli? Do they mediate hedonic reward learning …

The hypothesis that dopamine is important for reward has been proposed in a number of
forms, each of which has been challenged. Normally, rewarding stimuli such as food, water …

Research on the neural substrates of drug reward, withdrawal and relapse has yet to be
translated into significant advances in the treatment of addiction. One potential reason is that …