Humans show strong sex differences in immunity to infection and autoimmunity, suggesting
sex hormones modulate immune responses. Indeed, receptors for estrogens (ERs) regulate …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Neuroendocrine-Immune Axis in Health and Disease.”
During pregnancy, it is evolutionarily advantageous for inflammatory immune responses that …

The biological differences associated with the sex of an individual are a major source of
variation, affecting immune responses to vaccination. Compelling clinical data illustrate that …

Males and females have the same immunological cells, proteins, and pathways in place to
protect against the development of disease. The kinetics, magnitude, and skewing of the …

Considering that female sexual hormones may modulate the inflammatory response and
also exhibit direct effects on the cells of the immune system, herein, we intend to discuss the …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Neuroendocrine-Immune Axis in Health and Disease.”
Immune cells and hematopoietic progenitors express estrogen receptors (ER). As ligand …

Dendritic cells (DCs) throughout the female reproductive tract (FRT) were examined for
phenotype, HIV capture ability and innate anti-HIV responses. Two main CD11c+ DC …

Mounting evidence indicates that schizophrenia is associated with adverse intrauterine
experiences. An adverse or suboptimal fetal environment can cause irreversible changes in …

Background. Although pregnant women are at increased risk of severe illness following
influenza infection, there is relatively little information on the immunogenicity of influenza …

The magnitude of the HIV epidemic in women requires urgent efforts to find effective
preventive methods. Even though sex hormones have been described to influence HIV …