Relatively small genomes and high replication rates allow viruses and bacteria to
accumulate mutations. This continuously presents the host immune system with new …

AIDS is the result of a constant struggle between the lentivirus HIV and the immune system.
Infection with HIV interferes directly with the function of CD4+ T cells and manipulates the …

Unlike activated CD4+ T cells, resting CD4+ T cells are highly resistant to productive HIV-1
infection,,,,,,,. Early after HIV-1 entry, a major block limits reverse transcription of incoming …

The HIV accessory protein negative factor (Nef) is one of the earliest and most abundantly
expressed viral proteins. It is also found in the serum of infected individuals (Caby MP …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) utilizes Vpu, Env, and Nef to down-modulate
its primary CD4 receptor from the cell surface, and this function seems to be critical for the …

HIV-1 Nef, which is required for the efficient onset of AIDS, enhances viral replication and
infectivity by exerting multiple effects on infected cells. Nef downregulates cell-surface MHC …

To enhance infection, enveloped viruses exploit adhesion molecules expressed on the
surface of host cells. Specifically, phosphatidylserine (PS) receptors–including members of …

Nef, an accessory protein of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1), is
dispensable for viral replication in cell culture, but promotes virus replication and …

Lentiviral Nef proteins are key factors for pathogenesis and are known to downregulate
functionally important molecules, including CD4 and major histocompatibility complex class I …

The Nef protein is a key determinant of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pathogenicity
that, among other activities, sensitizes T-lymphocytes for optimal virus production. The initial …