Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are components of the innate immune system that respond to
exogenous infectious ligands (pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs) and …

Review summarizes the evidence supporting the existence of endogenous ligands of TLR2
and TLR4 and proposes that many may be better described as PAMP-sensitizing molecules …

Rationale: Sustained cardiac hypertrophy is often accompanied by maladaptive cardiac
remodeling leading to decreased compliance and increased risk for heart failure …

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide and is associated with
systemic inflammation. In depth study of the cell-specific signaling mechanisms mediating …

Low-grade systemic inflammation is a common manifestation of hypertension; however, the
exact mechanisms that initiate this pathophysiological response, thereby contributing to …

Cardiac fibrosis is an essential pathological process in pressure overload (PO)‐induced
heart failure. Recently, myocyte‐fibroblast communication is proven to be critical in heart …

The mammalian heart during its development and in response to physiological or
pathological stimuli undergoes hypertrophic enlargement, a consequence of an increase in …

Following completion of the human genome, it became evident that the majority of our DNA
is transcribed into non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) instead of protein-coding messenger RNA …

Aims Hypertension is associated with increased levels of circulating cytokines and recent
studies have shown that innate immunity contributes to hypertension. The mechanisms …

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a key pattern recognition receptor, initiates the innate immune
response and leads to chronic and acute inflammation. In the past decades, accumulating …