Dopamine neurons facilitate learning by calculating reward prediction error, or the difference
between expected and actual reward. Despite two decades of research, it remains unclear …

Pleasure and motivation are important factors for goal-directed behavior and well-being in
both animals and humans. Intact hedonic capacity requires an undisturbed interplay …

Ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons project to the striatum as well as the cortex and are
involved in movement control and reward-related cognition. In Parkinson's disease …

Dopamine neurons are thought to signal reward prediction error, or the difference between
actual and predicted reward. How dopamine neurons jointly encode this information …

Successful goal-directed behavior critically depends on performance monitoring, a set of
cognitive and affective functions determining whether adaptive control is needed and, if so …

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality
worldwide. In spite of considerable advances in understanding the neural underpinnings of …

How do brain systems evaluate the affective valence of a stimulus—that is, its quality of
being good or bad? One possibility is that a neural subsystem, or 'module'(such as a …

Midbrain dopamine systems play important roles in Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia,
addiction, and depression. The participation of midbrain dopamine systems in diverse …

The striatum has been involved in complex behaviors such as motor control, learning,
decision-making, reward and aversion. The striatum is mainly composed of medium spiny …

In light of the upcoming eleventh edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD‐
11), the question arises as to the most appropriate classification of 'Pathological …