There is ample empirical evidence to support the notion that the biological impacts of
estrogen extend beyond the gonads to other bodily systems, including the brain and …

Women are more susceptible to a variety of autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), primary biliary cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis …

Multiple sclerosis patients who become pregnant experience a significant decrease in
relapses that may be mediated by a shift in immune responses from T helper 1 to T helper 2 …

Many central nervous system (CNS) diseases display sexual dimorphism. Exposure to
circulating sex steroids is felt to be a chief contributor to this phenomenon; however, CNS …

Women are protected from stroke in their early years relative to men. This native
neuroprotection is lost within ten years of the menopause, an observation commonly …

The protective effect of pregnancy on putative Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases, such as
multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, is associated with a Th1 to Th2 immune shift …

Oxidative stress, in which production of highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive
nitrogen species (RNS) overwhelms antioxidant defenses, is a feature of many neurological …

Background and Purpose—We tested whether volatile anesthetics induce neuroprotection
that is maintained for a prolonged time. Methods—Rats were pretreated for 3 hours with 1 …

In mammals the neonatal period is a time of significant social interaction. This is true even in
solitary species as females spend a significant amount of time nursing and caring for their …

We evaluated the effects of estrogen and tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor
modulator, on positron emission tomography (PET) measures of brain glucose metabolism …