The use of opioid analgesics has a long history in clinical settings, although the
comprehensive action of opioid receptors is still less understood. Nonetheless, recent …

Opioids are broad spectrum analgesics that may be beneficial to alleviate the intense
perception of algesia in patients suffering with pain. They have been one of the most …

Activation of the mu-opioid receptor provides the gold standard for pain relief, but most
opioids used clinically have adverse effects that have contributed to an epidemic of …

Opioid drugs like morphine and fentanyl are the gold standard for treating moderate to
severe acute and chronic pain. However, opioid drug use can be limited by serious side …

When the first-and second-line therapeutics used to treat neuropathic pain (NP) fail to
induce efficient analgesia—which is estimated to relate to more than half of the patients …

Abstract Purpose of Review Opioid use and abuse has led to a worldwide opioid epidemic.
And while opioids are clinically useful when appropriately indicated, they are associated …

Background: Monodrug therapy has been used with success to fight various pathologies.
When one medicine fails, co-administration of two or more drugs at the same time may be …

When the nerve tissue is injured, endogenous agonist of melanocortin type 4 (MC4)
receptor, α-MSH, exerts tonic pronociceptive action in the central nervous system …

This paper is the thirty-fourth consecutive installment of the annual review of research
concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2011 …

N‐type voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels (CaV2. 2) are located at nerve endings in the
central and peripheral nervous systems and are strongly associated with the pathological …