Understanding the sensitivity of the polar ice caps to a modest global warming (2–3° C
above preindustrial) is of paramount importance if we are to accurately predict future sea …

The late Miocene offers the opportunity to assess the sensitivity of the Earth's climate to
orbital forcing and to changing boundary conditions, such as ice volume and greenhouse …

The Earth has seen El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)—the leading mode of interannual
climate variability—for at least millennia and likely over millions of years. This paper reviews …

The alkenone‐based U proxy is a cornerstone of paleoclimatology, providing insight into the
temperature history of the Earth's surface ocean. Although the relationship between U and …

With CO2 concentrations similar to today (410 ppm), the Pliocene Epoch offers insights into
climate changes under a moderately warmer world. Previous work suggested a low zonal …

The climate of the tropics and surrounding regions is defined by pronounced zonal (east–
west) and meridional (equator to mid-latitudes) gradients in sea surface temperature. These …

During the warm Miocene and Pliocene Epochs, vast subtropical regions had enough
precipitation to support rich vegetation and fauna. Only with global cooling and the onset of …

The International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) conducted a series of expeditions
between 2013 and 2016 that were designed to address the development of monsoon …

Today, the eastern African hydroclimate is tightly linked to fluctuations in the zonal
atmospheric Walker circulation,. A growing body of evidence indicates that this circulation …

Much of our understanding of Cenozoic climate is based on the record of δ18O measured in
benthic foraminifera. However, this measurement reflects a combined signal of global …