Antibiotics have been used to cure bacterial infections for more than 70 years, and these low-
molecular-weight bioactive agents have also been used for a variety of other medicinal …

The accurate and timely diagnosis of disease is a prerequisite for efficient therapeutic
intervention and epidemiological surveillance. Diagnostics based on the detection of nucleic …

Bacterial anti-phage systems are frequently clustered in microbial genomes, forming
defense islands. This property enabled the recent discovery of multiple defense systems …

RNA-guided systems, which use complementarity between a guide RNA and target nucleic
acid sequences for recognition of genetic elements, have a central role in biological …

Bacteria and archaea have developed multiple antiviral mechanisms, and genomic
evidence indicates that several of these antiviral systems co-occur in the same strain. Here …

The emergence of CRISPR-Cas systems has accelerated the development of gene editing
technologies, which are widely used in the life sciences. To improve the performance of …

IscB proteins are putative nucleases encoded in a distinct family of IS200/IS605 transposons
and are likely ancestors of the RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9, but the functions of IscB …

Abstract The Clusters of Orthologous Genes (COG) database, also referred to as the
Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins, was created in 1997 and went through several …

The development of new CRISPR–Cas genome editing tools continues to drive major
advances in the life sciences. Four classes of CRISPR–Cas-derived genome editing agents …

CRISPR–Cas interference is mediated by Cas effector nucleases that are either components
of multisubunit complexes—in class 1 CRISPR–Cas systems—or domains of a single …