Plants have evolved several adaptive strategies through physiological changes in response
to herbivore attacks. Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are synthesized to provide …

Phenylpropanoids and flavonoids are specialized metabolites frequently reported as
involved in plant defense to biotic or abiotic stresses. Their biosynthetic accumulation may …

Nectar, the main floral reward for pollinators, varies greatly in composition and
concentration. The assumption that nectar quality is equivalent to its sugar (energy) …

Plants being sessile entities are often subjected to varied environmental stresses. They have
developed an alternative defense mechanism that involves a vast variety of secondary …

Medicinal plants and their bioactive molecules are integral components of nature and have
supported the health of human societies for millennia. However, the prevailing view of …

Wild bee populations are declining due to human activities, such as land use change, which
strongly affect the composition and diversity of available plants and food sources. The …

Honey bees feed on floral nectar and pollen that they store in their colonies as honey and
bee bread. Social division of labor enables the collection of stores of food that are consumed …

Background Floral nectar is an important determinant of plant–pollinator interactions and an
integral component of pollination syndromes, suggesting it is under pollinator-mediated …

Plants have a large diversity of metabolites in order to carry out the complicated plant
metabolic pathway in a coordinated manner under normal as well as stressful conditions …

Floral chemistry mediates plant interactions with pollinators, pathogens, and herbivores, with
major consequences for fitness of both plants and flower visitors. The outcome of such …