Summary After World War II, the evolution of Europe's agro-food system has been marked by
intensified use of synthetic fertilizers, territorial specialization, and integration in global food …

One-third of Germany's land surface area is covered by forest (around 11.4 million hectares),
and thus, it characterizes the landscape. The forest is a habitat for a large number of animal …

Natural forest expansion (NFE), that is, the establishment of secondary forest on non-
forested land through natural succession, has substantially contributed to the widespread …

Soils store an important amount of carbon (C), mostly in the form of organic matter in
different decomposing stages. Hence, understanding the factors that rule the rates at which …

In order to assess the dynamics of forests and the effectiveness of their management
strategies, it is necessary to develop monitoring systems based on qualitative and …

Natural forest regrowth on abandoned land represents a major land use change in some
regions of Europe. This is driven by various factors related to land abandonment, particularly …

To assess the biodiversity consequences of contemporary land-use trends in Northern
Europe, where agriculture is being replaced by forestry, we need a better knowledge of the …

Fire is a fundamental social-ecological process, but a combination of changing climate, land
use and values at risk is increasing the incidence of large wildfires with high societal and …

Interaction of global change drivers affects forest resilience. Land‐use changes (land
abandonment) and climate change (a higher frequency and intensity of droughts) are …

Many forests throughout the world consist of regenerating mature stands. Although these
forests differ in many respects from old-growth (with a history of minimal human …