Tumours employ various tactics to adapt and eventually resist immune attack. These
mechanisms are collectively called adaptive immune resistance (AIR). The first defined and …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors target the dysfunctional immune system, to induce cancer-cell
killing by CD8-positive T cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, specifically anti-CTLA4 and …

Melanoma is the most lethal skin cancer that originates from the malignant transformation of
melanocytes. Although melanoma has long been regarded as a cancerous malignancy with …

Preclinical studies of the T cell growth factor activity of IL-2 resulted in this cytokine
becoming the first immunotherapy to be approved nearly 30 years ago by the US Food and …

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy represents a major breakthrough in cancer
care since the approval of tisagenlecleucel by the Food and Drug Administration in 2017 for …

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are ineffective against solid tumors with
immunosuppressive microenvironments. To overcome suppression, we engineered circuits …

Cutaneous melanoma remains the most lethal of the primary cutaneous neoplasms, and
although the incidence of primary melanoma continues to rise, the mortality from metastatic …

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a potent, pro-inflammatory type 1 cytokine that has long been
studied as a potential immunotherapy for cancer. Unfortunately, IL-12's remarkable …

T-cell-based immunotherapies hold promise for the treatment of many types of cancer, with
three approved products for B-cell malignancies and a large pipeline of treatments in clinical …

Cytokines are soluble proteins that mediate cell-to-cell communication. Based on the
discovery of the potent anti-tumour activities of several pro-inflammatory cytokines in animal …