Higher order ionospheric effects are increasingly relevant as precision requirements on GPS
data and products increase. The refractive index of the ionosphere is affected by its electron …

The provision of accurate models of Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) is presently a priority
need in climate studies, largely due to the potential of the Gravity Recovery and Climate …

Abstract High precision Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) positioning and time
transfer require correcting signal delays, in particular higher‐order ionospheric (I2+) terms …

The ionosphere is the ionized part of the earth's atmosphere lying between about 50 km and
several earth radii (Davies, 1990) whereas the upper part above about 1000 km height up to …

Historically tide gauge (TG) data have been used to estimate global sea level rise. Critical to
the analysis of TG records is the assumption that the TG sites are stable and not affected by …

The noise in GPS coordinate time series is known to follow a power-law noise model with
different components (white noise, flicker noise, and random walk). This work proposes an …

After removal of the Selective Availability in 2000, the ionosphere became the dominant
error source for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), especially for the high …

The accuracy of the positioning systems such as GPS, GLONASS or Galileo is heavily
affected by the presence of the ionosphere. Ionosphere-free dual-frequency algorithms used …

Successful implementation of integer ambiguity resolution enabled precise point positioning
(aka PPP-RTK) algorithms is inextricably linked to the ability of a user to perform near real …

Ionospheric propagation effects on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) signals are
the most pronounced during radio occultation due to long ionospheric travel paths of the …