Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by inflammation and destruction of bone and
cartilage in affected joints. Autoimmune responses lead to increased osteoclastic bone …

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a systemic disease characterized by the loss of bone mass
and increased bone fracture risk largely resulting from significantly reduced levels of the …

In terrestrial vertebrates, bone tissue constitutes the 'osteoimmune'system, which functions
as a locomotor organ and a mineral reservoir as well as a primary lymphoid organ where …

There is strong evidence for a causal relationship between salt intake and blood pressure.
Randomized trials demonstrate that salt reduction lowers blood pressure in both individuals …

Innate immunity represents the semi-specific first line of defense and provides the initial host
response to tissue injury, trauma, and pathogens. Innate immunity activates the adaptive …

Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease that, on a cellular level, results from osteoclastic
bone resorption not compensated by osteoblastic bone formation. This causes bones to …

T cells are crucial for immune functions to maintain health and prevent disease. T cell
development occurs in a stepwise process in the thymus and mainly generates CD4+ and …

Bone remodeling is tightly controlled by osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteoblast-
mediated bone formation. Fine tuning of the osteoclast–osteoblast balance results in strict …

Balanced immunity is pivotal for health and homeostasis. CD4+ helper T (Th) cells are
central to the balance between immune tolerance and immune rejection. Th cells adopt …

Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic, immune-mediated, inflammatory arthropathy that presents with
inflammation of the joints and entheses, including those of the axial skeleton, and is …