Food safety is a global health goal and the foodborne diseases take a major crisis on health.
Therefore, detection of microbial pathogens in food is the solution to the prevention and …

In the past two decades, the biological and medical fields have seen great advances in the
development of biosensors and biochips capable of characterizing and quantifying …

Biosensors have witnessed an escalating interest nowadays, both in the research and
commercial fields. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) biosensors (genosensors) have been …

Biological and synthetic recognition elements are at the heart of the majority of modern
bioreceptor assays. Traditionally, enzymes and antibodies have been integrated in the …

Recent trends and challenges in the electrochemical methods for the detection of DNA
hybridization are reviewed. Electrochemistry has superior properties over the other existing …

Biosensors consist of a molecular recognition element and a transducer. Since the first
biosensor was developed by Updike and Hicks [1] many biosensors and their associated …

Developed in the early 1990s, peptide nucleic acid (PNA) has emerged as a promising class
of nucleic acid mimic because of its strong binding affinity and sequence selectivity toward …

The analogs of DNA are unique biomedical tools that are broadly utilized to develop
different types of biosensors. Peptide nucleic acids (PNA) are an individual and notable …

Nucleic acid biosensors have a growing number of applications in genetics and
biomedicine. This contribution is a critical review of the current state of the art concerning the …

Along with useful microorganisms, there are some that cause potential damage to the
animals and plants. Detection and identification of these harmful organisms in a cost and …