Decades of research advances have established a central role for endogenous opioid
systems in regulating reward processing, mood, motivation, learning and memory …

Each year, over 50 million Americans suffer from persistent pain, including debilitating
headaches, joint pain, and severe back pain. Although morphine is amongst the most …

Sex differences in pain severity, response, and pathological susceptibility are widely
reported, but the neural mechanisms that contribute to these outcomes remain poorly …

Although morphine remains the primary drug prescribed for alleviation of severe or
persistent pain, both preclinical and clinical studies have shown that females require two to …

Opioid tolerance and the potential for addiction is a significant burden associated with pain
management, yet its precise underlying mechanism and prevention remain elusive. Immune …

The ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) is an integral locus for morphine action.
Although it is clear that glia contribute to the development of morphine tolerance, to date, the …

Opioid-based narcotics are the most widely prescribed therapeutic agent for the alleviation
of persistent pain; however, it is becoming increasingly clear that morphine is significantly …

Physical activity has become a first-line treatment in rehabilitation settings for individuals
with chronic pain. However, research has only recently begun to elucidate the mechanisms …

Morphine remains one of the most widely prescribed opioids for alleviation of persistent
and/or severe pain; however, multiple preclinical and clinical studies report that morphine is …

Opioids remain among the most effective pain-relieving therapeutics. However, their long-
term use is limited due to the development of tolerance and potential for addiction. For many …