Optical vortices (OVs) have rapidly varying spatial phase and optical energy that circulates
around points or lines of zero optical intensity. Manipulation of OVs offers innovative …

The optical vortex has a rapidly changing spatial phase with orbital angular momentum
centered by zero electromagnetic field intensity. It opens new strategies for optical …

To meet the growing need of advancements in data encryption and cryptography, many
researchers have turned to using quantum-based encryption, which use the fundamental …