Background In the 5 years that have passed since the publication of the 2018 International
Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Allergic Rhinitis (ICAR‐Allergic Rhinitis …

Background Critical examination of the quality and validity of available allergic rhinitis (AR)
literature is necessary to improve understanding and to appropriately translate this …

Microbes colonize all body surfaces at birth and participate in the development of the
immune system. In newborn mammals, the intestinal microbiota is first shaped by the dietary …

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is considered the largest immunological organ in the body
having a central role in regulating immune homeostasis. Contrary to earlier belief, the …

The microbiota is vital for the development of the immune system and homeostasis.
Changes in microbial composition and function, termed dysbiosis, in the respiratory tract and …

Microbial colonization of mucosal tissues during infancy plays an instrumental role in the
development and education of the host mammalian immune system. These early-life events …

Mucosal immunity develops in the human fetal intestine by 11–14 weeks of gestation, yet
whether viable microbes exist in utero and interact with the intestinal immune system is …

The innate immune system is the oldest protection strategy that is conserved across all
organisms. Although having an unspecific action, it is the first and fastest defense …

The rate of caesarean section delivery (CSD) is increasing worldwide. It remains unclear
whether disruption of mother-to-neonate transmission of microbiota through CSD occurs and …

Urban tree planting initiatives are being actively promoted as a planning tool to enable
urban areas to adapt to and mitigate against climate change, enhance urban sustainability …