Dendritic cells are powerful antigen-presenting cells that are essential for the priming of T
cell responses. In addition to providing T-cell-receptor ligands and co-stimulatory molecules …

Allergic asthma is among the most common immune-mediated diseases across the world,
and type 2 immune responses are thought to be central to pathogenesis. The importance of …

Abstract Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a four-α-helical bundle type I cytokine with broad pleiotropic
actions on multiple lineages. Major actions of IL-4 were initially discovered for B and T cells …

Aim Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that destroys both soft and hard periodontal
tissues. However, a complex periodontal cytokine network remains unclear. This systematic …

T helper 2 (Th2) responses protect against pathogens while also driving allergic
inflammation, yet how large-scale Th2 responses are generated in tissue context remains …

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a gram-negative bacterium in the human stomach with global
prevalence, is relevant to chronic gastrointestinal diseases. Due to its increasing drug …

Allergic responses are characterized by the activation of a specific subset of effector CD4+ T
cells, the T‐helper type 2 (Th2) cells, that respond to harmless environmental antigens …

Recent studies propose that T follicular helper (Tfh) cells possess a high degree of
functional plasticity in addition to their well‐defined roles in mediating interleukin‐4 …

The outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) secreted by Helicobacter pylori contain various
bacterial components, such as proteins, phospholipids, toxins, and nucleic acids, including …

Improved understanding of the contribution of immune-inflammatory mechanisms in allergic
diseases and asthma has encouraged development of biologicals and small molecules …